OTTAWA, Thursday, February 16, 2017
The Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, to which was referred Bill S-231, An Act to amend the Canada Evidence Act and the Criminal Code (protection of journalistic sources), met this day at 10:30 a.m. to give consideration to the bill.
Senator George Baker (Deputy Chair) in the chair.
The Deputy Chair: Good morning and welcome colleagues, invited guests and members of the general public who are following today’s proceedings of the Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs.
Today we continue our consideration of Bill S‑231, An Act to amend the Canada Evidence Act and the Criminal Code (protection of journalistic sources).
We have with us today, from the Quebec Federation of Professional Journalists, Stéphane Giroux, President of the Board of Directors; Caroline Locher, Executive Director, and from the Canadian Journalists for Free Expression, we have Tom Henheffer, Executive Director.
Thank you for being here with us today.
Tom Henheffer, Executive Director, Canadian Journalists for Free Expression: Thank you very much.
As recent events in Quebec and elsewhere in Canada amply demonstrate, journalists are vulnerable to often arbitrary and summary treatment concerning search warrants and production orders with regard to sources.
Ben Makuch of VICE News is appealing a court order to turn over his communication with his source to the RCMP. While working at VICE, Makuch communicated via the messaging application Kik with an alleged Canadian member of the group ISIS in Syria. As a result, the RCMP demanded access to Makuch’s chat records.
Ben is a now facing jail time, a fact that is potentially ruinous and has far‑reaching implications for press freedom and the integrity of journalism in Canada. The public’s right to know is at risk.
As well as the legal action against Makuch, news outlets reported in 2016 that police had issued warrants to spy on at least eight journalists, checked phone records to see if officers had been in contact with journalists, and seized a journalist’s laptop. Authorities also called for increased police surveillance powers and criticized encryption for hampering police work. Last month, CJFE released details of a nationwide poll that only 11 per cent of the 2,316 Canadians surveyed believe that it is acceptable for police to monitor journalists to find their sources, while 70 per cent believe that placing journalists under surveillance undermines press freedom.
The Deputy Chair: Could the witness slow down, please.
Mr. Henheffer: Journalists play a unique role in our democracy. Because of their independence from government and their objective nature, they are in the rarefied position of being able to communicate with and gather information from certain groups, be they marginalized peoples, members of organized crime, suspected terrorists or other persons who normally would not speak to government, security agencies, police officers or the public at large. Journalists are the go‑between for the public, who can reach out to these people and tell their stories and shed light on their motives.
These stories, whether they be from protesters, gang members, suspected ISIS militants, or anyone else, are crucial to informing the public. But the ability for journalists to disseminate the information depends on an extremely fragile relationship. If journalists are seen to be an arm of law enforcement, or if it is believed that their communications are being monitored, their sources will dry up. If that happens, the public, governments, police and security agencies will all lose because journalists will no longer be able to tell these stories. These relationships are the key to telling those stories, and they must be protected.
This is why a private member’s bill by Senator Claude Carignan represents a good start in filling a void in Canadian law protecting journalists. Bill S‑231, now before the Senate Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, stands a good chance of receiving third reading in March or April before sent to the House of Commons for approval. We strongly encourage that this bill be adopted.
Our poll also showed widespread support of these efforts with 70 per cent of Canadians supporting the creation of a press shield law at the federal level. There is a need to codify protection of journalistic sources, whether confidential or not, particularly in regard to the issuance of search warrants and production orders leading to the identity of sources.
Bill S‑231 would amend the Canada Evidence Act to protect the confidentiality of journalistic sources. Several sections of this bill provide urgently-needed protection in the courts to protect confidential sources and prevent a chilling effect on willingness to communicate with journalists.
This bill has a narrow definition of who can legally call themselves journalists. We would suggest that the definition be widened to reflect the emergence of newer practitioners of journalism such as bloggers. Our proposed definition of “journalists” reads:
“Any person who contributes directly, either regularly or occasionally, to the collection, writing or production of information for dissemination by any media, including newspapers magazines, television, radio and other broadcast media, and any online or other media or anyone who assists such a person.”
Our proposed definition of journalistic source reads:
“Any source that transmits information to a journalist.”
This specifically does not include the word “confidential.” We realize this is broad, but there are two reasons for this. Number one, a court or police agency will usually not know whether a source is confidential in advance, and this should not be part of the threshold that triggers special care; and number two, as in the Makuch situation, compelling information about a source, even if they are not a confidential source, has a chilling effect on journalistic sources. We recommend all documents seized through search warrants issued against journalists be automatically sealed for at least 48 hours to provide news organizations time to challenge them.
In addition, a provision should be included for regular legislative review to keep the legislation relevant.
Senator Carignan’s bill could turn out to be beginning of full, legal recognition of how modern, responsible journalists serve the public and protect democracy. Both Houses of Parliament should support this initiative.
Thank you.
The Deputy Chair: Now we’ll call on Stéphane Giroux, President of the Board of Directors.
(French follows ‑‑ Mr. Giroux: Honourable senateurs, je vous parle aujord’hui…)
(après anglais – Le vice-président : …of the Quebec Federation of professional journalists.)
Stéphane Giroux, président du conseil d’administration, Fédération professionnelle des journalistes du Québec : Honorables sénateurs, je vous parle aujourd’hui au nom de la Fédération professionnelle des journalistes du Québec qui représente près de 2000 membres, ce qui en fait la plus grande association de journalistes au Canada.
La FPJQ émet la carte de presse et offre de la formation professionnelle, notamment. Elle n’est pas un organisme syndical ou corporatiste. Sa mission principale est de défendre la liberté de presse et l’accès du public à l’information.
Je suis président de l’organisme depuis novembre dernier, en plus d’occuper mes fonctions de journaliste judiciaire à CTV Montréal. À mes côtés, je vous présente Caroline Locher, directrice générale et anciennement journaliste à la BBC à Londres et à CBC à Montréal.
Je ne vous apprends rien ce matin en vous disant que la profession a été fortement ébranlée au cours des derniers mois, à la suite de ce qu’il convient d’appeler le scandale d’espionnage visant certains des journalistes les plus connus au Québec.
Pour bien comprendre la nécessité de protéger les sources journalistiques, il faut savoir pourquoi ces sources sont si importantes. Peu d’enquêtes, peu de reportages approfondis ne peuvent être réalisés sans l’apport de personnes bien placées au sein d’organismes publics et privés pour observer et dénoncer des actes répréhensibles.
Le Sénat ne peut oublier par exemple, comment le journaliste Daniel Leblanc du Globe and Mail a révélé ce qui deviendra plus tard le scandale des commandites. Le tout venait d’une source confidentielle ─ « Ma chouette » ─ qui a accepté de parler au journaliste sous promesse de confidentialité.
Est‑ce que notre démocratie peut se passer de tel apport de gens prêts à mettre leur carrière en jeu pour exposer la vérité? Absolument pas.
Récemment, Daniel Leblanc m’a rapporté qu’il avait reparlé à sa source, « Ma chouette ». Elle lui a affirmé, sans équivoque, qu’elle ne lui aurait jamais parlé si elle avait su qu’il pouvait être sous surveillance policière. Voyez‑vous, Mesdames et Messieurs les sénateurs, le scandale des commandites n’aurait sans doute pas vu le jour si cette source avait su ce que l’on sait aujourd’hui, c’est‑à‑dire que les policiers espionnent des journalistes.
À la lumière du scandale, peu de journalistes osent encore communiquer avec leurs sources confidentielles par téléphone ou par courriel. On encrypte nos communications et on tient nos rencontres dans des endroits secrets. Tout cela pour protéger nos sources qui craignent plus que jamais pour leur confidentialité.
Nous avons examiné de près le projet de loi S‑231 et je cède la parole à ma collègue Caroline Locher qui va vous transmettre nos recommandations. Je vous remercie.
Caroline Locher, directrice générale, Fédération professionnelle des journalistes du Québec : Honorables sénateurs, notre président vous a témoigné de l’urgence d’agir dans l’intérêt du public. L’effet de refroidissement déjà enclenché se fait au détriment du public et de l’information qui lui revient.
En ce sens, la FPJQ souhaite souligner le travail important qu’a entrepris le Sénat. La FPJQ appuie ce projet de loi qui représente une avancée considérable pour notre démocratie. Dans le court laps de temps qui nous est alloué, nous souhaitons nous concentrer sur trois recommandations importantes pour ce projet de loi.
Tout d’abord, au sujet du pouvoir du tribunal. Actuellement, au moment de décider s’il autorise la surveillance d’un journaliste, un juge n’entend que la perspective des policiers qui souhaitent obtenir le mandat de surveillance ou de perquisition. Personne n’agit pour représenter les intérêts du journaliste, de la source surtout, et de l’information du public. Or, nous savons aujourd’hui, dans le cas, par exemple, des demandes du service de police de la ville de Montréal, que dans les trois dernières années, les juges de paix ont octroyé 98,6 p. 100 des milliers de demandes et ordonnances. C’est dire qu’espionner un journaliste est devenu d’une facilité déconcertante. Pour assurer un équilibre devant le juge qui reçoit une demande de surveillance ou de perquisition, il faudrait permettre dans la loi :
Premièrement, que le média puisse se représenter lui-même dans les cas où il est un tiers innocent; c’est-à-dire que sa représentation ne nuira pas à l’enquête policière. Deuxièmement, si cela n’est pas possible, il faudrait prévoir la présence d’un ami de la cour ‑ ce qu’on appelle en droit un amicus curiae ‑ ou un avocat spécialisé qui représente l’intérêt de celui qui n’est pas représenté. Au strict minimum, le tribunal devrait obligatoirement lancer de lui-même le processus d’équilibrage des droits, même si le journaliste ne s’oppose pas au dévoilement de sa source. Cela peut arriver dans le cas de petits médias et de journalistes qui se défendent eux-mêmes.
Je ne vous l’apprends pas, mesdames et messieurs, le Canada est un cancre en matière de protection des sources journalistiques. Nous devrions nous inspirer des législations internationales exemplaires comme celles de l’Australie, de la Nouvelle-Zélande, de l’Autriche et de la majorité des État américains. La loi belge, par exemple, limite la possibilité de surveillance d’un journaliste aux menaces graves pour l’intégrité physique d’une ou de plusieurs personnes, par exemple dans le cadre d’actes terroristes.
Comment donc restreindre le plus possible la divulgation d’une source journalistique tout en permettant aux policiers de poursuivre leurs enquêtes? Le dévoilement de la source doit être l’ultime recours. Il est donc important d’ajouter à l’article 7 que tous les efforts ont été faits par la personne qui demande la divulgation pour trouver une autre source que celle du média.
Il est aussi important de se pencher sur la notion de crime grave. La Cour suprême a statué qu’il s’agissait d’une norme subjective. Par exemple, le fait de falsifier un document peut constituer un crime grave, au même titre qu’un meurtre ou qu’un attentat terroriste. Mais lequel de ces crimes justifie d’espionner un journaliste et d’exposer sa source? Lequel de ces crimes justifie de soustraire au public des informations importantes parce que les sources ont trop peur de parler aux journalistes? Nous invitons le Sénat à se poser cette question. Pourrions-nous trouver une norme objective de ce qui constituerait un crime suffisamment grave pour justifier d’identifier une source journalistique?
Nous terminerons avec la proposition d’élargir la définition de journaliste, déjà très convenable dans ce projet de loi, avec deux recommandations mineures à l’article 39.1 : on lit « la personne qui contribue »; on ajouterait « ou a contribué directement, soit régulièrement ou occasionnellement, à la collecte, la rédaction ou la production d’informations en vue de leur diffusion par les médias, ou tout collaborateur de cette personne ainsi que son employeur ».
C’est avec plaisir, mesdames et messieurs, que nous répondrons à vos questions, tant sur le contenu du projet de loi que sur la réalité de terrain du métier de journaliste.
(anglais suit ‑ Dep. Chair: We will start our questioning…)
(Following French ‑‑ Caroline Locher cont’g ‑‑ …de terrain du métier de journaliste.)
The Deputy Chair: We will now start our questioning with Senator Carignan.
(French follows ‑‑ Sen. Carignan ‑‑ : Merci monsieur le président. Merci à nos…)
(après anglais ‑ Dep. Chair: …with Senator Carignan.)
Le sénateur Carignan : Merci monsieur le président. Merci à nos témoins d’être ici et d’appuyer le projet de loi.
J’aimerais poser une petite question technique, premièrement. Le consortium des médias a proposé une modification de la notion de journaliste qui incluait la notion de rémunération. Lorsque j’ai rédigé le projet de loi, je n’ai pas inclus cette notion parce que je voulais couvrir le cas de pigistes ou le cas de personnes qui travaillent pour bâtir leur histoire, et qui, par la suite, publient un livre ou vont « vendre » leur histoire à un média. Que pensez-vous de mettre la notion de rémunération comme journaliste? Êtes-vous en faveur ou en désaccord?
Mme Locher : Nous pensons que votre proposition est tout à fait adéquate, en fait. Dans notre réalité, nous ne représentons pas les intérêts des grands médias qui ont des journalistes qui sont rétribués, ni des petits médias, des radios communautaires par exemple ou des journaux étudiants. Nous représentons l’ensemble de la profession, du métier de journaliste, et on voit la diversité de ce métier-là au sein même de la FPJQ. Ce qu’on sait, c’est qu’il y a des journalistes qui travaillent de façon bénévole, à Montréal, à CIBL, dans les petites radios communautaires, que ce soit Radio Haïti ou peu importe, qui peuvent tout à fait, aussi, être mis au courant d’actes répréhensibles, par exemple. La réalité des pigistes est de plus en plus grandissante avec la crise des médias également. On a des journalistes étudiants, il y a une grande presse étudiante. Est-ce qu’on peut penser, à petit niveau, que, sur un campus universitaire, un employé de l’université pourrait se confier à un journal étudiant, et il se retrouverait dans la situation d’être une source journalistique? Ou à petit niveau, par exemple à Radio Haïti, quelqu’un de l’ambassade de Haïti voit une forme de corruption qui se produit et en parle à la radio communautaire; elle devient une source journalistique aussi. Pour nous, c’est important de conserver, comme vous l’avez fait, la notion la plus large possible de ce métier qui, on le sait, est en mouvance constante, mais aussi représente une grande diversité.
Le sénateur Carignan : Mon deuxième sujet est sur la préautorisation devant un juge de représentation d’un ami de la cour. Il n’y a pas ce statut actuellement, même dans le cas du secret professionnel de l’avocat, lorsqu’il y a une perquisition dans le bureau d’un avocat, notamment. Vous ne pensez pas qu’il y a un risque d’avoir un niveau plus élevé à ce moment-là, ou que ce serait interprété comme de donner une garantie plus élevée aux journalistes et aux médias que ça ne l’est actuellement pour le secret professionnel des avocats notamment?
Mme Locher : En ce moment les intérêts du média ne sont pas du tout représentés au moment d’émettre des mandats, donc il y a vraiment un déséquilibre de ce côté-là. Quand les policiers font leur demande, on le sait, c’est presque automatique, dans les cas qu’on a vus au Québec, qu’on le leur accorde. Cela prend quelqu’un pour freiner et dire : avons-nous pris en compte l’importance de la protection des sources journalistiques, l’effet de refroidissement que cela peut créer et l’impact à long terme sur la population et l’information du public? Mes collègues et moi ne sommes pas juristes et après nous vous allez entendre des avocats spécialisés qui seront beaucoup plus en mesure d’évoquer des approches possibles, mais il semble évident que la présence soit d’un avocat spécialisé qui peut représenter, non pas un média en particulier mais le principe de la protection des sources journalistiques en général, serait très importante, ou celle d’un ami de la cour. Mais de toute façon, il serait obligatoire, au strict minimum, pour le juge de lancer le processus de l’équilibrage des droits lui-même. C’est pour cela qu’on propose, à l’article 39.1, de changer le mot « peut » par « doit », pour que ce processus d’arbitrage devienne au minimum obligatoire.
(anglais suit ‑ Sen. Pratte: Mr. Henheffer, since last fall this…)
(Following French ‑‑ Ms. Locher cont’g ‑‑ …d’arbitrage devienne au minimum obligatoire.)
Senator Pratte: Mr. Henheffer, since last fall this issue of protection of sources and surveillance of journalists has often been presented as a Quebec only problem; therefore, it has been said, even yesterday at this committee, that the problem should be solved in Quebec, notably at this commission of inquiry that has been established. The question has been asked: Why should we change federal laws, the Criminal Code and the Canada Evidence Act since it is mostly a problem in Quebec? What is your comment on this?
Mr. Henheffer: It’s a problem in Quebec in the sense that that’s where we have uncovered it. It does not mean it’s not happening in the rest of Canada.
The fact is the same issues that exist in Quebec exist in the rest of the country. There is no protection for journalists, and there is a huge imbalance between the powers of surveillance and police agencies, and the public interest around protecting confidential sources.
On top of that, we do have evidence of a chill in other parts of the country. A great example of that is Ben Makuch, the VICE journalist currently facing jail time for refusing to turn over to the RCMP his notes around his interview with an ISIS militant. There is an overriding public interest in reporters being able to talk to these types of people, and Ben has said many times that there is no way any of these sources would have come to him or communicated with him if they believed that everything he was doing was going to be turned over to the RCMP. At the same time, he published everything that could be have actionable in his notes, so there is no reason for the RCMP to be going after that information.
There is one example there of a chill.
In another case, we have had evidence across the country, especially in B.C., of stingrays being used. They are devices that can collect all the data in an area of two to five kilometres square of all cellphones in those areas. Police would use these to try and track down a criminal, but it also scoops up all the metadata and cellphone information. It can even intercept phone calls from any innocent bystander nearby, which would include journalists. That means it potentially could be used to determine journalistic sources as well, because there is no oversight in terms of how the devices are used at the moment.
There are new, emerging technologies that make this more of a risk than ever, and there is a severe imbalance between those things. This is not a Quebec problem; this is a national issue.
Senator Sinclair: Does it capture senators?
Mr. Henheffer: It’s completely agnostic. It would capture the Prime Minister’s cellphone.
(French follows ‑‑ Sen. Pratte: Par rapport à la FPJQ…)
(après anglais ‑‑ M. Henheffer: …the Prime Minister’s cellphone.)
Le sénateur Pratte : Par rapport à la FPJQ, vous avez un passage dans votre mémoire où vous parlez de la gravité d’un crime, de ce qui constitue un crime grave. Je comprends votre message, mais je ne comprends peut‑être pas pourquoi vous faites ce commentaire dans le cadre du projet de loi S‑231, qui ne fait pas mention de la gravité du crime. Je ne comprends pas tout à fait le rapport ou à quoi vous voulez en venir exactement.
Mme Locher : Ce serait de préciser, dans la partie autorisation de ce projet de loi, les limites, le plus loin possible qu’on puisse aller pour restreindre la divulgation de la source. On pourrait donc s’inspirer du modèle belge ou autre et rendre cela le plus difficile possible. Le crime grave est utilisé en ce moment pour avoir accès à ces sources, et cela comprend autant quelqu’un qui contrefait une signature que quelqu’un sur le point d’effectuer un meurtre. Il y a là une disparité qui pourrait être rétablie. Nous ne sommes pas juristes, mais les médias ont proposé hier dans leur mémoire un plancher d’une peine de dix ans de prison. Cela nous paraît tout à fait acceptable et cela deviendrait une norme objective. En deçà, on ne peut pas espionner un journaliste. Cela nous paraît acceptable.
Le sénateur McIntyre : Si je comprends bien, madame Locher, vous souhaitez un léger amendement à la définition de journaliste. Le projet de loi prévoit une définition de journaliste s’appliquant aux procédures et demandes concernant les mandats, autorisations et ordonnances visant les journalistes. Selon vous, la définition de journaliste devrait-elle encadrer les blogueurs et ceux qui diffusent des informations sur des médias sociaux? Croyez‑vous que des individus qui n’effectuent pas de travail journalistique pour des médias reconnus puissent être visés?
Mme Locher : Ceux qui diffusent de l’information sur les médias sociaux, cela inclut tous les Canadiens et Canadiennes. La définition telle que décrite parle de quelqu’un faisant la collecte, la rédaction ou la production d’information pour fins de diffusion médiatique. C’est vraiment un rôle d’information. Les blogueurs peuvent être inclus là‑dedans, tout comme des chroniqueurs et des éditorialistes. Il y a maintes formes de journalisme. On le voit, le journalisme se développe tellement rapidement. Il y a cinq ans, on n’aurait pas eu la même idée d’un blogueur et on ne connaissait pas plusieurs médias d’aujourd’hui, comme Huffington Post et VICE News. Où serons-nous dans cinq à dix ans? Nous ne le savons pas, d’où l’importance de tenir cela le plus large possible et de ne pas mettre de rôle spécifique, selon nous.
(anglais suit ‑‑ Sen. McIntyre: Mr. Henheffer, what risks are journalistic sources…)
(Following French ‑‑ Ms. Locher ‑‑ …de ne pas mettre de rôle spécifique, selon nous.)
Senator McIntyre: Mr. Henheffer, what risks are journalistic sources exposing themselves to? Are they possibly physical or psychological threats, demotions or even loss of employment?
Mr. Henheffer: One of the main examples in terms of whistle‑blowers is the loss of employment and reprisals. We do not have whistle‑blower protection in this country for private employees, and the whistle‑blower protection that was brought in under the Harper government for public employees has never seen anyone through the tribunal process. It is completely ineffective. In terms of a whistle‑blower coming forward with information such as with the sponsorship scandal or something like that, the fear of reprisals is very real. You can see this in the ‑‑ case and other cases in Montreal. It’s obvious the police were trying to plug the leak, and that’s why they did the surveillance. So there’s a serious risk to anyone like that.
In terms of other sources, they certainly would be worried about incriminating themselves. People will give information to journalists, confidential sources especially do so, that would result in criminal prosecution if released to the public, if their name were associated with it and if the police were able to tap their phones. There is an overriding public interest that the information be made public.
The sources will simply dry up. They already are drying up, because people believe that journalists are being spied on, and they are.
Senator McIntyre: Are you confident that this bill will put an end to fishing expeditions or source ‑‑?
Mr. Henheffer: It’s a strong step in the right direction. If these amendments are adopted to strengthen it, to broaden the definition of journalists and to cover not just confidential sources but any sources, there is a really good chance that the fishing expeditions will be reined in. As it stands right now, the balance is far too in favour of the law enforcement agencies and their ability to surveil.
The Deputy Chair: Thank you, Senator McIntyre. I think Mr. Giroux would also like to comment on your question, after which we will go to Senator Joyal.
(French follows ‑‑ Mr. Giroux: Pour répondre à votre question…)
(après anglais ‑‑ The Deputy Chair: …after which we will go to Senator Joyal.)
M. Giroux : Pour répondre à votre question, les sources journalistiques ont raison de s’inquiéter pour leur santé physique ou mentale. La plupart des gens qui choisissent de partager avec des journalistes des choses confidentielles au point où elles vont risquer leur carrière et leur réputation ne sont pas des gens qui le font de gaieté de cœur, mais qui sont profondément déchirés entre leur loyauté envers leur employeur et ce qu’ils croient être une nécessité de dénoncer une situation dans les médias. C’est certain qu’à partir du moment où la personne doit vivre avec ce stress‑là, on a une responsabilité de s’assurer que cette source ne devienne pas encore plus vulnérable. Le poids de protéger cette identité‑là nous revient sur les épaules. Si l’on doit commencer à s’inquiéter en plus de cela à savoir si les forces policières nous écoutent, cela devient difficile non pas juste pour le journaliste, mais également pour la source. Je vais être honnête avec vous, sénateur: depuis que le scandale a éclaté en début novembre, j’ai moi‑même constaté que plusieurs de mes sources ne veulent pas m’appeler. Elles ont peur après le scandale d’écoute. C’est très inquiétant.
Le sénateur Joyal : Je voudrais revenir sur la proposition que vous avez faite qui était double au niveau de l’audition, à savoir que le média en cause soit informé et qu’il puisse comparaître, c’est‑à‑dire qu’il peut faire valoir sa position, et/ou qu’il y ait un avocat spécialisé, qu’on appelle en droit, en termes anglais, un «special advocate», qui serait d’office désigné pour s’assurer que la présentation faite au juge contient l’ensemble des faits et que le juge ne devient pas lui‑même l’enquêteur, c’est‑à‑dire qu’il n’est pas obligé par lui‑même d’aller trouver de l’information pour remettre en cause la présentation qu’on lui fait. Personnellement, j’ai toujours hésité à transformer les juges en juges-enquêteurs, c’est‑à‑dire d’être à la fois le décideur et celui qui recueillit les éléments d’information sur lesquels il doit se prononcer.
Il y a des cas où les médias, comme d’abord le journaliste, peuvent être des travailleurs autonomes. La présence du média dans un cas comme celui‑là n’est pas possible puisqu’il ne travaille pas pour un grand consortium d’emplois permanents. Comme vous l’avez dit vous‑même, le nombre de journalistes à la pige est en croissance exponentielle par rapport aux journalistes qui demeurent salariés au sein de grands médias. Je pense en particulier aux médias écrits. Où dans le projet de loi voyez‑vous la nécessité d’amendements afin de garantir la présence de cet avocat spécialisé qui devrait normalement pouvoir être entendu par le juge?
Mme Locher : En ce qui a trait au pouvoir du tribunal, on voudrait tout d’abord, à l’article 39.1, que le processus d’arbitrage devienne obligatoire, en remplaçant le mot « peut » par le mot « doit ».
Mais le principe est le même que ce soit un avocat spécialisé, comme vous l’avez mentionné, un ami de la cour, c’est-à-dire que le média lui‑même peut se représenter quand il est un tiers innocent. Pour la méthode, il faudra que les juristes y réfléchissent et examinent comment ça peut fonctionner dans le cadre du processus d’équilibrage des droits, mais nous lançons l’argument de l’importance du principe, à savoir qu’un juge ne peut pas avoir qu’une seule partie de l’équation et faire lui‑même le reste de l’enquête. Il faut que les deux parties puissent être représentées.
Notre suggestion était tout d’abord de permettre que le média puisse se représenter lui‑même s’agissant, par exemple, d’une enquête du passé et qu’il soit un tiers innocent et que cela n’ait pas d’impact sur l’enquête policière.
Toutefois, la question de l’avocat spécialisé est très importante parce que cet avocat ne peut pas représenter qu’un seul groupe de médias comme, par exemple, les grands médias ou une coalition de médias; il faut qu’il représente les grands principes de la liberté de la presse. Le journalisme est ouvert à un grand nombre de gens qui exercent ce métier qui est d’informer. Comme ces derniers peuvent effectivement ne pas avoir accès à un contentieux chez leur employeur et être des pigistes ou des journalistes bénévoles, ce serait important que l’avocat soit là pour défendre la protection des sources journalistiques et non pas les intérêts de certains médias en particulier.
Le sénateur Joyal : Monsieur Henheffer?
(anglais suit ‑‑ Mr. Henheffer: I’d just like to add to that…)
(Following French ‑ Le sénateur Joyal: Monsieur Henheffer?)
Mr. Henheffer: I’d just like to add that the Supreme Court has outlined very clearly in Lessard and the National Post that there need to exist protections for journalists’ confidential sources. Essentially, by having these disclosure orders, as outlined well in the media coalition’s brief, obtained and executed without the knowledge of journalists in question it makes it impossible for these protections to be put in place. In that case, it’s very necessary that either the journalists are made known of these things beforehand or that there is a special advocate present to argue their case.
Senator Joyal: I read Wigmore again to try to understand the principle of public interest that is involved in Wigmore. Wigmore starts with the principle that journalists need to be protected in order to have a thriving democracy. If this is the principle to protect, somebody has to speak for that principle when there is an adjudication on the basis of proof or on the basis of information that the police might try to explain to the judge that there’s no other way to get to that information or to that criminal person who is not yet guilty but a criminal person.
I try to understand that and I think that Senator Carignan’s bill is very important in relation to that. It has to start with the principle and the objective of Wigmore. Once you clearly understand the objective of Wigmore, you can define a system of authorization that has to remain rational with the objective you want to serve. That’s how I try to conceive the approach of Senator Carignan and the role of the police. The court is in balance there. They have to balance the role of security and anti‑terrorism, for instance, or organized crime; people who exercise their criminal activities at the detriment of public interest generally.
The court is there on one side to balance the interests of protection of the public and on the other hand the principle that a thriving press is essential in our democracy. It is in balancing those two elements that the judge can come to a conclusion, but in doing that exercise the judge has to have in front of him or her all the elements of information. If you put the judge in a position whereby he himself becomes the person responsible to plead for the public interest in that very specific instance, I think you unbalance the approach of the system.
That’s what concerns me in relation to Senator Carignan’s bill, which is a very important approach in relation to that because we would be strengthening not only the democracy but the capacity of the police forces to exercise their responsibility, which is also part of public interest.
Mr. Henheffer: Exactly. Just to follow up on that briefly, I think it’s important to know that the Wigmore test exists for a reason. Under the current system we have right now, the vast majority of times when journalists may be coming under surveillance, the Wigmore test is an exercise because it’s never going before a judge and there’s no advocate there to advocate on behalf of the journalist.
If 99.2 per cent of search warrants are being approved by justices of the peace, there’s no opportunity for the Wigmore test to be applied and there’s obviously no consideration going to the actual balance of public interest in terms of journalistic sources. That’s what this bill strives to rectify.
The Deputy Chair: Actually, Ms. Locher said it was 98.6 per cent.
Ms. Locher: That was just for the Montreal police example that we know.
Mr. Henheffer: Yes, there are various statistics.
Senator White: I want to first talk about cell‑site simulators, the Stingrays. They have been around over 20 years and there is an issue with cell‑site simulators, but I don’t think it has anything to do with this legislation. That’s about accessing information that the public probably would agree with you shouldn’t be accessed without a warrant.
I don’t want to muddy the waters that I think there are cell‑site simulators tracking journalists because there’s no evidence of that.
Mr. Henheffer: What I was saying is that the practice of digital surveillance is pervasive across the country. There are instances in Montreal where we have journalists specifically being targeted but also in the rest of the country journalists could easily be swept up in this information.
Senator White: As everybody could.
Mr. Henheffer: Yes, absolutely.
Senator White: I just don’t want it to look like we have police agencies across the country using Stingrays tracking journalists.
Mr. Henheffer: Right, that’s true, we don’t have any evidence of that but it could ‑‑
Senator White: We have no evidence of that?
Mr. Henheffer: No, not at the moment.
Senator White: That’s good. The second piece is in relation to the word “chill.” There are lots of things we’ve seen happen in Quebec in the past couple of years that caused a chill across the country. That doesn’t mean we react as a country to develop legislation to fix a problem that I would argue is in Quebec.
I have seen no evidence ‑‑ and I have been looking for a case ‑‑ where a wiretap authorization to find out who an informant was to the journalist happened anywhere else. I haven’t seen it. And I’m not arguing it’s not a problem in Quebec. In fact, I would agree with you that it’s a problem in Quebec. I’m looking for a case and maybe others have a case. If so, I would like to hear about it.
Mr. Giroux: There’s a very obvious case that took place recently of Joël‑Denis Bellavance of La Presse who was followed by the RCMP.
Senator White: In Quebec?
Mr. Giroux: I believe it was in Ottawa and it was the RCMP, not the Quebec police force. When we asked the RCMP whether they are following any journalists we don’t get a yes or no answer.
Senator White: This legislation doesn’t stop the police from following a journalist. We’re talking about wiretapping a journalist. In fact, I would argue if this was an argument that the police shouldn’t be allowed to follow a journalist they believe might be involved in criminal activity, then that’s a different story. We’re talking about wiretapping a journalist. Do you have evidence of one case outside of Quebec where a police agency wiretapped a journalist?
Mr. Giroux: No evidence.
Senator White: Thank you very much.
Mr. Giroux: However, I’ll give you an example. Quebec got swept up in a corruption scandal that led to the Charbonneau commission. Is this evidence that corruption only exists in Quebec? Of course not.
Senator White: No, but my argument is we’re not writing federal legislation to fix what the Charbonneau commission identified as a problem.
The second piece is when we do talk about whether a journalist showed up on a wiretap, we also have to have a discussion were they the primary target ‑‑ which they would have been in some of the cases identified in Quebec where they’re looking to find out who the informant is ‑‑ or were they a secondary target making a phone call to the accused? That’s the kind of discussion we should be having here, not just whether or not journalist informants should be afforded a level of protection. After 32 years in policing, I would agree with that. My concern is this is so sweeping that I think it has potential to write legislation that isn’t necessary if we had appropriate level of oversight on policing in Quebec in the first place.
Mr. Giroux: Like I said, I do not believe that giving oversight to the police in Quebec would solve the problem. Freedom of the press is not something limited to the province of Quebec. It is Canada‑wide. If we check the methods of the Sûreté du Quebec and the Quebec police force while we’re at it, let’s check the RCMP and CSIS and other police forces.
Senator White: I appreciate you allowing me flexibility, Mr. Chair. There’s an inquiry happening in Quebec today that we’ll check. My concern is that we will write legislation that becomes binding on every police agency across the country. We have oversight ‑‑ and I’ll use British Columbia, Alberta and Ontario. Ontario, in particular, might have the highest level of oversight on policing in the world. To turn around and state that we will fix a problem that we have only identified in one region and impose legislation across the country I think is problematic, personally.
The last piece is a question around the definition of “media.” I am a bit concerned that today the definition of “media” could be me putting a Facebook post on my Facebook page, whereas the real definition for me is “media organization.” I am concerned about bloggers being able to access a level of protection that really isn’t meant to protect a blogger, for example.
Ms. Locher: Briefly, it has been said that we are a distinct society in Quebec, but I think it would be extremely naive to think that our police behaves in any different way than the police in the other provinces in Canada.
Senator White: I disagree.
Mr. Henheffer: You asked for evidence as to whether spying has taken place anywhere else. By the nature of this it’s extremely secretive. The fact that we found this out in Quebec is extraordinary. Just by its very nature, it’s extremely difficult to uncover these kinds of things.
The Deputy Chair: Senator White, we’re going to have the lawyers on next. We’ll give you some priority ‑‑ in fact, I’ll ask your question if you wish.
Senator White: Regarding these responses, every single wiretap authorization has to, by law, notify people if they’re named in the authorization. If they’re not, they’re breaking the law. They got that. So they have to be notified.
So when you say we don’t know, we do know, actually. We do know who’s named in those authorizations by law.
Mr. Henheffer: Assuming if they follow the law, yes.
Senator White: But if they’re not following the law, they’re not going to follow the new law.
Mr. Henheffer: This can help with the culture shift.
To address your question about the independent media, as Caroline stated, the nature of media has changed dramatically. The way this legislation is written, there’s little chance that someone who’s a terrorist or involved in organized crime could throw something up on Facebook or on Twitter and then argue that they have some kind of journalistic privilege. I think a judge’s discretion in terms of reading the law would prevent that from happening.
We have a large Eritrean community in Toronto. There are journalists in that community work not necessarily on a paid basis because they do not have enough money, but they work to bring Eritrean news forward. That’s very important. There are examples across the ethnic media of the same thing. These people are not being paid for it but they are writing in print in the public interest for their communities and they deserve to be paid for it as well.
The Deputy Chair: Thank you. As someone who has worked on behalf of the Sûreté for 20 years, we will call on Senator Dagenais.
(French follows ‑‑ Senator Dagenais: J’aimerais ouvrir une…)
(après anglais – le vice-président: …call upon senator Dagenais.)
Le sénateur Dagenais : J’aimerais ouvrir une petite parenthèse. Bien sûr, au Québec, il se passe beaucoup de choses. Toutefois, le scandale des commandites s’est produit à Ottawa. Enfin, on peut jouer sur les mots.
Monsieur Giroux, on parle beaucoup de l’intervention du juge pour protéger les sources des journalistes contre les enquêtes policières. Quand on en est rendu à ce point, souvent la diffusion a déjà été faite sur les lieux. Comment peut‑on s’assurer, avec les journalistes indépendants de plus en plus nombreux, qu’il existera un pouvoir pour décider si ce qu’une source donne à un journaliste entre vraiment dans ce qu’on pourrait définir comme étant l’intérêt public? Qui va être capable de tracer cette ligne?
M. Giroux : L’intérêt public est quelque chose d’extrêmement subjectif. Beaucoup de gens ici prétendront que ce que dit un parti politique n’est pas d’intérêt public; seul ce que dit mon parti est d’intérêt public. C’est la version cynique de ce qu’est l’intérêt public.
Les médias d’information, en général, connaissent leur public et ce qui les intéresse. Est‑ce d’intérêt public que de révéler qu’une administration municipale a un processus de distribution de contrats qui ne respecte pas les règles? Oui.
A-t-on reçu des informations d’un fonctionnaire qui dit d’aller regarder là-bas parce qu’il se passe des choses suspectes avec les appels d’offres? Oui, c’est d’intérêt public.
J’ai parlé aux journalistes et ai même fait partie de ceux qui ont suivi ce qu’allait devenir la Commission Charbonneau. Voilà comment on détermine ce qui est d’intérêt public. Doit-on demander à un tribunal de déterminer ce qui est d’intérêt public? Cette question nous mène vers une pente glissante.
Le sénateur Dagenais : Comment la FPJQ fait-elle la différence entre ceux que vous appelez les journalistes professionnels et les autres qui font de la communication sur différentes plateformes? Selon vous, où doit-on tracer la ligne, avec le projet de loi du sénateur Carignan, pour dire qui sont les journalistes professionnels et qui sont les indépendants qui travaillent sur certaines plateformes? Comment pourrait-on, dans le projet de loi, situer tous ces gens?
Mme Locher : À la FPJQ, on a mis en place nos propres règles. Nous sommes un organisme privé auquel les journalistes adhèrent de façon volontaire. En contrepartie, ils s’engagent à respecter le guide de déontologie des journalistes du Québec. Tous les journalistes ne sont pas obligés d’être membres de la FPJQ.
À la FPJQ, on demande aux journalistes professionnels de travailler contre rétribution. On demande, entre autres, que ce soit leur occupation principale, qu’il n’y ait pas de conflit d’intérêts ni d’occupations incompatibles.
Les principes de liberté de la presse édictent que tout le monde peut être journaliste et non seulement les membres de la FPJQ. On parle de tout le monde qui travaille dans l’intérêt d’informer le public. On le voit très bien dans la définition, il s’agit de la rédaction et la production d’information en vue de leur confusion par les médias. Ces gens doivent être inclus dans la loi et leurs sources doivent être protégées.
(anglais suit – The deputy chair: We have three more questioners.)
(Following French ‑‑ Ms. Locher cont’g ‑‑ …sources doivent être protégées.)
The Deputy Chair: We have three more questioners. If we could keep the questions and the answers shorter, I think we could do everything.
(French follows ‑‑ Senator Dupuis: J’aimerais revenir…)
(après anglais – le vice-président : …we could do everything.)
La sénatrice Dupuis : J’aimerais revenir à ce que vous avez proposé d’ajouter dans la définition du journaliste. Si j’ai bien compris, l’amendement que vous proposez consiste à ajouter à l’article 39.1 pour y inclure le collaborateur et l’employeur.
Mme Locher : Il s’agissait d’une modification mineure. Dans certains cas, on pourrait tenter de forcer le propriétaire d’un média, qui n’est pas journaliste lui‑même, à divulguer la source de son journaliste employé. On trouvait donc cet aspect important.
Les collaborateurs, de façon large, comprennent les recherchistes, les caméramans, les réalisateurs et toute l’équipe qui les entoure. On trouvait qu’il pourrait être pertinent d’ajouter l’employeur dans le sens où l’employeur d’un organisme de presse n’est pas un journaliste.
L’autre petit amendement consistait à mentionner la personne qui contribue ou qui a contribué. Parce qu’on sait qu’il peut y avoir des enquêtes qui sont faites sur des sources du passé. Le scandale des commandites en est un exemple. Et il a été étalé sur de nombreuses années. Ce n’était donc qu’un petit amendement mineur.
La sénatrice Dupuis : Vous nous parlez beaucoup de pigistes, des employés contractuels, donc qui n’ont théoriquement pas d’employeur. Est‑ce que je comprends que vous voulez élargir cette définition non seulement au journaliste, mais également au collaborateur et aux entreprises de média?
J’essaie de comprendre si on veut protéger la source, le journaliste, ou le journaliste et l’entreprise média? Cela ne me semble pas clair.
Mme Locher : Pour nous, il est très clair que le but de ce projet de loi est de protéger la source journalistique avant tout. Et cette source, le policier peut aller la chercher chez le journaliste qui lui a parlé, mais éventuellement, il pourrait y avoir des cas où on va directement au chef d’entreprise, et c’est la raison pour laquelle on voulait inclure l’employeur.
M. Giroux : Sénatrice, j’aimerais ajouter que souvent, dans des cas de reportages extrêmement sensibles, un journaliste peut se faire demander par son employeur de connaître ses sources. Dans la hiérarchie d’une entreprise de presse, il peut y avoir plusieurs personnes, en plus du journaliste, qui connaissent la source anonyme. Si mon cameraman ou mon preneur de son sont présents, celui qui installe le paravent pour cacher l’identité de la source la connaît, lui, l’identité de la personne qui est cachée. Le directeur de la station devrait le savoir également, dans l’ordre des choses.
On veut s’assurer que ces gens soient également protégés de la même façon.
(anglais suit ‑ Sen. Boniface : I wanted some clarity around…)
(Following French ‑‑ Mr. Giroux ‑ …protégés de la même façon.)
Senator Boniface: I wanted some clarity around ‑‑ and I can’t remember which one of you suggested it ‑‑ taking out a reference to the confidential source, taking out “confidential.” First, I would be interested on what does that broaden to include from an interpretation, so the Crown or the police, how do they interpret something that’s identified as a source? To me, that makes it very broad.
Mr. Henheffer: That suggestion comes specifically from the Makuch case because he’s being asked to turn over his entire conversation with a source. The source was not confidential, but the agreement between him and the source was essentially that his notes would not be turned over to law enforcement. He could publish something freely to the public, but the entire contents of his notes would not be given to law enforcement. The reason for that is because there needs to be a firewall between journalists and law enforcement, otherwise they will be seen by these sources as being part of another branch of government, another arm of law enforcement.
To restrict this to confidential sources will prevent people from speaking to journalists on the record who then don’t want something potentially incriminating to go out that would maybe be in the journalist’s notes but not in their report. That’s the idea. This isn’t for sources who don’t want to be named. This is also to ensure we protect sources that are willing to be named and go on the record but then don’t want the entire contents of their whole discussion. One common practice in journalism is to say something common is on background, so a named source may tell someone, tell a journalist certain information that would be incriminating to them but it’s on background, so it’s not to be published or attributed to them.
This only protects confidential sources. A production order could be granted to get that kind of information. So this would protect those types of situations, without being overly broad. It’s generally just to protect the sources.
If there was an overriding public interest, especially the way this is written, for instance, the definition of journalistic is very broad, but it is broad intentionally because we believe that the judges in this country have enough knowledge of law and are smart enough to be able to interpret it in such a way as to balance public safety and the public interest.
Senator Boniface: I agree with you, somewhere the judges will sort out and give some guidance on that. My perspective goes back to the actual investigation. I start with who is the journalist, and I raised this issue yesterday, and we’re broadening it. Senator Sinclair, for instance, asked yesterday: If I’m writing a book and I’m talking to different people, am I now a journalist? The answer was, “Yes.” So I’m thinking, as an investigator, how to frame this so I stay within the parameters you’re suggesting. Then we add on this issue around source and we take out confidential, and now it seems broader.
So if we have the broader definition, the broader issue around confidential source, and then you look at all the steps that law enforcement would have to go through, do all those steps still make sense given the broadening of the issues?
Mr. Henheffer: I’m not sure what you mean by the steps that law enforcement would have to go through.
Senator Boniface: Going before the judge and however we decide that will be.
Mr. Henheffer: So you’re worried about a situation where there would be a special representative or something — without notifying that — and that would apply to anybody just to initiate the process?
Senator Boniface: Yes.
Mr. Henheffer: I believe that the way this is written, it would not be expanded that far. I think it’s far easier, when it comes to granting a warrant for something like this, that even at the very beginning of the process a judge would be able to tell the difference between an organized criminal who has postings on Facebook and a journalist who is actually speaking with sources and that it is for the purpose of furthering democratic debate and such in the country. Those distinctions are very obvious.
I understand the worries of the committee and that this can be abused, but I think the likelihood of that is extremely small. On balance, there exists no real protection for journalists right now in this current situation. It is far better that we enshrine these protections than to simply go and have nothing. We’re talking about broadening the definition of journalists and sources, but right now there’s no definition to be broadened. It doesn’t exist. We need to start somewhere, and this is a good place to start.
The Deputy Chair: We have approximately three minutes left, so we’ll leave it for the sponsor of the bill, Senator Carignan.
(French follows ‑‑ Senator Carignan ‑ ?? interpretation ‑‑)
(après anglais ‑ The Chair : …for the sponsor of the bill, Sen. Carignan.)
Le sénateur Carignan : Je reviens à la question de la préautorisation ou par la représentation, par un amicus curiæ, de l’autorisation du mandat de perquisition.
Pour moi, l’autre côté de la médaille, la protection de la liberté de presse, se manifeste lorsque, après la saisie, tout est mis sous scellés. Lorsque l’avis est donné aux journalistes ou aux médias concernés que le fonctionnaire ou l’agent veut examiner l’information, le journaliste ou le média peut faire valoir son point de vue et dire que telle information peut faire identifier des sources et demander à ne pas la divulguer ou de prendre des mesures particulières pour que les sources ne soient pas identifiées.
Je crois que l’apposition de scellés atteint l’objectif que vous voulez. Ne trouvez‑vous pas que d’ajouter un amicus curiæ avant n’équivaudrait pas à mettre une ceinture et des bretelles? D’après moi, le fait que tout est sous scellés règle le problème.
J’ai rédigé le projet de loi dans cette optique, je l’avoue. Je n’allais pas jusqu’à la préautorisation, étant donné que, pour moi, le scellé faisait le travail.
Mme Locher : Je comprends votre point de vue et comment votre réflexion pour y arriver. On sait, aujourd’hui, qu’il y a eu, par exemple, de la géolocalisation qui a été permise, on a autorisé le suivi par GPS de Patrick Lagacé. On sait qu’il peut y avoir de l’écoute électronique. Ce n’est pas qu’une perquisition d’un ordinateur ou d’un document.
Donc pour l’instant, on pense que le frein doit être mis pour la protection des sources bien avant que l’autorisation ne soit donnée et non après qu’elle ait été donnée, parce qu’à ce moment‑là, un juge a déjà donné une autorisation. Alors les principes de protection des sources et de liberté de presse, en particulier pour les journalistes qui ne sont pas en mesure de se défendre eux‑mêmes, doivent être amenés au premier pas. Parce qu’il existe vraiment un déséquilibre, en ce moment, avec seulement l’avocat du policier. Et on le voit, donner des mandats, c’est devenu un automatisme, et ça ne devrait jamais être le cas.
Après la mise sous scellés, on le sait, on l’a appris aussi, ce n’est pas toujours une solution et ce n’est pas toujours respecté. Il y a des problèmes là aussi. Prenons le problème de face et arrêtons‑le dès le début, dès son initiation.
(anglais suit ‑ Mr Henheffer: Just to add to that, I think in cases where…)
(Following French ‑‑ Ms. Locher continuing ‑‑ …le début, dès son initiation.)
Mr. Henheffer: To briefly add to that, in cases where we’re talking about a paper document that can be sealed where a warrant can be issued and the police get the paper document and seal it, potentially in instances like that it’s possible it would work because the journalist can come. However, when it is live surveillance where the police are currently tracking someone and seeing who they are calling as they are calling and getting that information, in that case a sealing order doesn’t do anything because they are being tracked live and that information is being disseminated by the police live. In that case, the only option to protect the sources is to stop before the warrant is issued.
Senator Joyal: Fishing expedition.
Mr. Henheffer: Exactly.
The Deputy Chair: Thank you, witnesses for your very excellent presentations to us here today. We appreciate it very much.
For our second hour we have joining us from the Canadian Council of Criminal Defence Lawyers, the chair, the famous William Trudell; from the Canadian Media Lawyers Association, Mr. Christian Leblanc, Chair of the Protection of Sources Committee; and Iain MacKinnon who is a media lawyer, and we’re also joined by video conference from Montreal by Mark Bantey who is a Partner from Gowling WLG (Canada) LLP.
Before we start, I’m not about to ask a question, but since we have the experts here from the legal profession, I have something for you to think about, to turn your minds to and perhaps answer during your presentation or in answers to questions. Several of the senators have pointed out ‑‑ Senator White pointed out in the last committee hearing ‑‑ that the interception of private communications in Canada can only take place with a judicial authorization from a superior court judge under section 185 of the Criminal Code. It’s firmly established, plus not just the judicial authorization of a superior court judge ‑‑ that’s the existing law ‑‑ but also an authority by the federal minister or the person representing the federal Minister of Justice or of Emergency Preparedness, if it’s federal in prosecution or investigation and from the provincial minister. There are safeguards, as Senator White has pointed out.
The Quebec situation gives rise to a consideration of whether or not it’s under the general warrant provisions, which you could do anything that no other warrant authorizes you to do for 87.01; however, that can only be issued by a provincial court judge or a superior court judge.
The issue in Quebec was with Justices of the Peace, so if it’s a conventional warrant, then as senators have pointed out ‑‑ Senator Joyal pointed it out, Senator Carignan has pointed it out, and other senators have pointed out ‑‑ if you are seizing the records of somebody, you have to report it to a justice within three months, or within a reasonable period of time, and then if it’s somebody’s records, you must notify the person after that three months.
Perhaps you can explain to us what you think has transpired in Quebec because some of the senators obviously feel that it would be in violation of sections of the Criminal Code.
I’m just throwing that out there for you because that’s a major discussion we had with our last panel and Senator White.
First, we will call on Mr. William Trudell, Chair of Canadian Council of Criminal Defence Lawyers for his presentation.
William Trudell, Chair, Canadian Council of Criminal Defence Lawyers: Thank you very much, chair. Honourable senators, it’s an honour and privilege to be here again.
Not that you were throwing a question out specifically for anyone to address, but it kind of dovetails with what I would like to say here. The preservation of privacy, the freedom of the press and some of those protections that a democracy holds dear have to be protected by the gatekeepers. The gatekeeper in these cases and the one we are talking about in Quebec was not a superior court judge or provincial court judge but a justice of the peace. It’s my respectful submission to you that justices of the peace, not to fault them, but they are not equipped, in my respectful submission, with legal training and background to say “no” when the circumstances arise.
As I listen to others, and not to simplify it, but I would respectfully submit that there are a couple of issues. There is a gatekeeper issue here in terms of warrants and some of the guidance that the courts have given us, and there is an investigation problem. In other words, some would criticize the police for going too far. The police may not recognize that a journalist is a special person and see law enforcement as the goal. Unless there is protection and understanding by the gatekeepers, these problems are going to exist.
I think, with great respect ‑‑ and I’ve said it before ‑‑ one of the luxuries you have in taking on these really important tasks is there is other work being done. So the commission in Quebec is going to be dealing with the very issue that you are going to be dealing with, not just in a Quebec frame. On March 21 there will be applications for standing, and I know there are some national associations who will be making applications for standing. There is no way in a commission that you will keep it centralized only in Quebec because it’s a national issue, as my friends from the media have suggested.
We are concerned about the bill. We think it is creating a new class of privilege. It talks about sources here. The whole bill talks about sources, but you are really talking about journalists, which is maybe inherently conflictual, but I leave that for your consideration. The bill, in our respectful submission, does exactly what the Supreme Court of Canada and the National Post says we aren’t doing in this country; we are not creating a class privilege. It’s a specific case‑by‑case analysis. I think that has served us well.
If there is a need to address the protection of journalists, as I’ve heard, not on a speculative basis, not what could have happened or what might happen if the police abuse their power, but real issues, then the definition of journalist is too broad.
The balance that Senator Joyal talked about in Wigmore and stuff is not in the bill and I haven’t heard it mentioned, and that is innocence at stake. In terms of disclosure, I don’t want, as defence counsel, to have an onus on me to show that I can’t make full answer and defence unless this is disclosed. Innocence at stake is not in this bill, and it must be in this bill. That’s the guideline for informant privilege.
So there are some defence issues here. I’m happy to talk about special advocate if the question arises, but this is a major step contrary to what the National Post decision in the Supreme Court of Canada has ascribed.
The Deputy Chair: Thank you, Mr. Trudell. Now we will hear from the Canadian Media Lawyers Association, Christian Leblanc, Chair, and also media lawyer Iain MacKinnon.
(French follows ‑‑ Mr. Leblanc: Merci, Monsieur le président, bonjour honorables sénateurs…)
(après anglais – Le vice-président : … also, media lawyer, Iain MacKinnon.)
Christian Leblanc, président, Comité sur la protection des sources, Association canadienne des avocats en droit des médias : Merci, Monsieur le président, bonjour honorables sénateurs.
J’ai l’honneur d’être ici au nom de l’Association canadienne des avocats en droit des médias qui regroupe tous les avocats qui font du droit des médias et qui représentent des entreprises de presse et des journalistes. Nous sommes intervenus dans l’affaire National Post et dans l’affaire Globe and Mail à la Cour suprême du Canada. Nous sommes à même de témoigner de l’importance des sources journalistiques dans le travail journalistique.
Beaucoup de choses vous ont été dites et il est capital, je pense, d’en recadrer certaines. J’ai moi‑même représenté Joël‑Denis Bellavance dans l’affaire qui a mené à sa filature dans le cas du certificat de sécurité de M. Charkaoui à l’époque. J’ai été à même de constater, déjà à l’audience, la fébrilité des autorités policières. Il s’agissait de la GRC et non d’autorités policières provinciales. J’ai été en mesure de lire, comme tout le monde, comme on l’a vu dans les médias, notamment dans La Presse, qu’il avait fait l’objet de filature. Je l’ai accompagné personnellement de sa résidence à la Cour fédérale pour remettre une copie d’un document qu’il avait reçu en toute confidentialité en main propre au juge, comme il avait été déterminé à la Cour fédérale ─ non pas dans une cour provinciale, en l’occurrence du Québec, mais à la Cour fédérale canadienne.
Je crois qu’on doit constater que les tribunaux ont fait le maximum qu’ils ont pu. Nous avons connu l’affaire Globe and Mail et l’affaire National Post, et je suis en désaccord avec mon collègue Trudell, avec beaucoup de respect, lorsqu’il dit it served us well. Malheureusement, ce qui s’est passé au Québec est une démonstration que it did not et que l’on doit avoir l’encadrement requis.
Que ce soit un juge de la Cour supérieure ou un juge de paix, les juges ont besoin d’un encadrement. Je serai très heureux de répondre à des questions sur l’amicus curiae, mais que ce soit l’amicus curiae ou un avocat lors de la révision de l’ouverture d’un paquet scellé, il faut que cet éclairage soit amené à la cour. C’est exactement ce que l’on fait dans les ordonnances de non-publication.
Lorsque la Cour suprême a rendu sa décision dans l’affaire Dagenais ─ la décision clé en la matière ─, deux grandes choses ont été dites par le juge Lamer, à l’époque. La première, c’est qu’il n’y a pas de hiérarchie entre les droits; le droit du public à l’information n’est pas moins important que le droit d’un procès juste et équitable, puisque, habituellement, en non-publication, ce sont les deux droits qui s’entrechoquent. La deuxième chose qu’il a dite, c’est qu’il faut que les médias soient avisés et qu’ils aient la possibilité de parler au juge avant l’émission de l’ordonnance et la même chose doit être appliquée en ce qui concerne les mandats visant les journalistes. Que ce soit lors de l’ouverture de paquets scellés ou lors de l’autorisation d’écoute électronique, cet éclairage de l’envers de la médaille qui est représenté par le droit du public à l’information garanti par la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés doit être donné au juge, fût‑il de paix, de Cour supérieure ou du Québec, puisqu’on a une démonstration, oui qui n’est qu’au Québec, mais que la limite de la jurisprudence a été atteinte. Je crois que ce problème est certainement pancanadien puisque ce sont les mêmes règles qui s’appliquent, le Code criminel notamment sur les mandats d’écoute.
(anglais suit – Le vice-président : Mr. MacKinnon, do you wish to say anything?)
(Following French ‑‑ Mr. Leblanc ‑‑ …s’appliquent, le Code criminel notamment sur les mandats d’écoute.)
The Deputy Chair: Mr. MacKinnon, do you wish to say anything?
Iain MacKinnon, Media Lawyer, Canadian Media Lawyers Association: I’ll be very brief because I think this may come up in questions as well. I think this committee is correct in one of the key issues of this bill that needs to be addressed. Perhaps more specifically in the wording is this definition of journalist and who is captured by that. Courts around the world have grappled with that in their own definitions and in applying shield laws. I know in the U.S. they have found in certain circumstances where a blogger has been captured by the definition of journalist. I think it was the Ninth Circuit of the Court of Appeals. In Australia they made a similar finding.
I don’t think there is any correct magic bullet wording. The wording has to capture the nature of the activity being undertaken by the author. It doesn’t necessarily have to be paid, it doesn’t have to be a professional, and nobody in this room has to reinvent the wheel. Canada is somewhat lagging behind other countries.
Forty states in the U.S., four states in Australia and the European Union have all grappled with this issue. We can all look to their guidance and their wording in their statutory provisions to determine how narrowly or how broadly we want this definition to be.
For example, the European Union has defined “journalist” as any natural or legal person who is regularly or professionally engaged in the collection and dissemination of information to the public via any means of mass communication. Arguably, that captures a blogger.
However, it’s narrowed for anybody concerned about it being able to include anybody who posts something on social media. It’s narrowed by the previous description of somebody who is regularly or professionally engaged in the dissemination. It has to be somebody who does this on a regular basis, paid or not. Of course, as has already been discussed, one of the key issues here with shrinking media, budgets, staff and media layoffs is that there are now ex‑professional journalists who work for major media outlets who are now doing good work and good stories on their own blogs and websites. Sometimes it’s for subscription. Sometimes it’s for their own interest because they think it’s an important story. There is no reason on a principled basis why they shouldn’t be covered as well.
I think that definition of journalist is a critical issue.
The Deputy Chair: Thank you. Now we will hear from Mr. Mark Bantey, who is a partner with Gowling WLG (Canada) LLP. We asked him to present because of his vast experience in this area of law we are dealing with.
Mark Bantey, Partner, Gowling WLG (Canada) LLP: Senators, ladies and gentlemen, good morning. As a lawyer who has been practicing media law for some 35 years, I want to express my support for Bill S‑231 proposed by Senator Carignan with the fine‑tuning suggested by the Canadian media coalition and the Quebec Federation of Professional Journalists. It has long been clear that the protections elaborated by the Supreme Court in Lessard and National Post are insufficient to safeguard the media’s crucial role in a democratic society. While freedom of press is a fundamental right guaranteed under the Charter, the Supreme Court has made it clear that that right in and of itself does not translate into a constitutional or generic immunity for protection of sources. The case‑by‑case model adopted by the Supreme Court has led to a great deal of uncertainty and arbitrariness, and as seen in recent cases in Quebec, the case‑by‑case model has not presented prevented outright abuses.
Short of some constitutional immunity which may or may not be desirable or politically viable, statutory protection is required. Senator Carignan’s bill goes a long way in correcting the shortcomings of the case‑by‑case model. First and foremost, it shifts the burden of proof from the journalist to the person who is seeking disclosure of the identity of the source. In the National Post case, the Supreme Court said that the burden rests on the journalist to establish according to the Wigmore factors that his or her source merits the court’s protection. Bill S‑231 establishes a presumption in favour of the protection of the sources and that the party who is seeking disclosure of the identity of the source is to establish that the public interest outweighs the right to protect its source.
Secondly, the bill sets out clearly defined criteria that must be satisfied before a journalist can be forced to reveal the source. It creates a sort of — that we have now for publication bans and other measures seeking to restrict the open court principles.
Third, the bill recognizes the privilege as a generic one giving a definition of journalist that recognizes the public’s right to receive information of public interest from a variety of sources. Fourth, with respect to search warrants production and surveillance orders and other extraordinary measures, it puts in place a mechanism whereby notice was given to the media and the information gathered or received from the media is immediately placed under seal.
These measures give the media the ability to challenge the validity of the order before the authorities have the opportunity to sift through the material they have seized. The bill would codify the so‑called Lessard factors from the Supreme Court and would place the material under seal so that the media’s challenge of any such order would not become illusory.
The privilege set out in Senator Carignan’s bill is not an absolute privilege. It is a relative one and I submit it does not infringe on the ability of police and powers to conduct investigation and prevent crime. Many jurisdictions have adopted shield laws to protect sources and journalistic material, and I invite the committee to review the shield law in Belgium, New Zealand and Australia. Some 40 U.S. states have also adopted shield laws, and those laws have not decreased the ability of the police to fight crime. In the current context when the media are under attack even in the United States, I think it’s important for the Senate to take a position in favour of a vigorous free press and adopt the legislation proposed by Senator Carignan.
The Deputy Chair: Thank you. We will now go to questions. Senator Pratte.
Senator Pratte: Mr. Trudell, you mentioned the situation of innocence, and I gather you disagree with the bill in its entirety from your comments, but maybe not. If the bill was to become legislation, what changes could we bring to it that would maybe re‑establish the balance in the way that you would wish or better balance for the sake of innocence?
Mr. Trudell: We are not against the entire bill. If this committee of the Senate decides there is a need for this, then we move on to the second phase of how we can help you from a defence point of view. So one of the factors that should be taken into consideration and should be written in the bill is when disclosure is being considered. I’ve already mentioned I don’t think the onus should shift to the defence, but you can build in where innocence is at stake or in order to make full answer and defence. That’s one of the factors specifically in this bill that protects the important presumption of innocence and the accused. That’s number one. It’s silent and I think it could go in there easily.
Second, the Supreme Court in National Post talked about some of the other jurisdictions that have shield laws, et cetera, and decided on a balance that a case‑by‑case analysis was important, and we did not need or should not create a special class of privilege.
If you are convinced by representatives of the media or your own experience that this is a problem nationwide, as opposed to a situational problem and I’m going to use the word “abuse” without knowing if a warrant should not have issued, if surveillance should not have taken place if the law had been followed, then to create this new privilege class in the face of what may only be a situational problem may cause some issues or concerns, but we are not against the protection of journalists.
There is no question about it. We are not against protection of sources. As a defence counsel, I rely on sources all the time. Some people think the defence bar operates on gossip ‑‑ and it may be true ‑‑ but if you look at the definition of journalists here, in this day of false news and everybody becoming a journalist or being able to create some kind of a blog that might fit in with this, it’s a lot of pressure on a judge to decide who is a journalist and who is not because it brings some personal point of view to that decision.
But if you look at “journalistic source,” it means a source that confidentially — and that word has already been discussed this morning — transmits information to a journalist on the journalist’s undertaking.
Well, this bill is to protect sources, really, because it’s the source’s privilege. What kind of undertaking are we talking about here? In the National Post case and in The Globe and Mail case there was a paragraph where the journalist went to his respected editor who said, okay, give the undertaking. When we see the decrease in the ordinary media as we have known it, where is that sort internal protection? What does “undertaking” mean? Is it a verbal undertaking? Is it a written undertaking? How do you protect the source in the wording that is used here?
On behalf of the Canadian Council of Criminal Defence Lawyers, the most important thing for us is that when you have a trial, there’s a presumption of innocence. If there is disclosure that’s relevant to the defence and innocence is at stake, it should be reflected in this bill, because the presumption of innocence, the right to be tried, is as important a democratic right as the role that journalists perform in shining the light on darkness where we may not see it.
So this is creating a class of privilege that you may decide is necessary. We just raise the caution that the Supreme Court of Canada has already addressed that, and if you decide to do it, I think that you have to build in more cautions for the defence in this matter.
(French follows ‑‑ Senator Pratte, Monsieur Leblanc, pour ce qui est de la définition…)
(après anglais ‑ Mr Trudell: …cautions for the defence in this matter.)
Le sénateur Pratte : Monsieur Leblanc, pour ce qui est de la définition de journaliste, dans le mémoire que la Coalition des médias canadiens nous a présenté hier, elle a proposé d’ajouter qu’un journaliste est une personne qui, dans le cadre de son occupation “principale et rémunérée”. Il y a deux notions ici, c’est une occupation qui doit être principale et rémunérée. Monsieur MacKinnon a semblé dire qu’on ne devrait pas parler nécessairement de rémunération. Il y a donc deux notions.
J’aimerais vous entendre sur l’ajout de l’idée de rémunération et le fait de préciser que cela doit être une occupation principale.
M. Leblanc : Tout cela provient des préoccupations que nous avons. On prend toujours l’exemple du blogueur ou de la personne qui a son Facebook. Il ne faut pas oublier que le juge — comme on a référé tout à l’heure au portier, et je suis d’accord — aura toujours cette pondération à faire. Il aura toujours à faire l’évaluation pour savoir si c’est dans l’intérêt public de protéger la source ou pas. Si des exemples extrêmes étaient capturés par une définition large de journalistes, ils pourraient facilement être récupérés lors de cette pondération. Autrement dit, il ne faut pas rester trop accroché à la définition des journalistes et de médias par le fait même parce, oui, il faut des guides, mais en même temps, cela va demeurer du cas par cas. Quand j’entends dire que ce n’est plus du cas par cas, et qu’il y a une application automatique, ce n’est pas tout à fait cela. Il y a un débat. Il y a une demande devant un juge. Il y a des représentations et il y a l’autorisation d’un juge et ce sera analysé au cas par cas.
La définition de journaliste que la Coalition donne est très bonne. Il y a deux modèles. La loi australienne parle vraiment d’artère maîtresse et lors des débats, si on regarde au Parlement australien, les politiciens disaient qu’il ne fallait pas trop élargir parce que cela donnera une protection à des gens qui n’en méritent pas. C’était dit. Par ailleurs, le modèle de la Nouvelle‑Zélande, c’est complètement l’opposé. Ils se disent que ce n’est pas là que la protection sera bloquée. Il y a aura des mesures plus tard en l’occurrence, ici, l’autorisation du juge, mais on ne la bloquera pas à journaliste ou à média. On va donc prendre une définition plus large comme mon ami et collègue vous a référé tout à l’heure. Pour moi, les deux définitions sont bonnes. Avec beaucoup d’égard, cette définition de journaliste et de média est presque un faux débat. Pour moi, l’important est le stade de l’autorisation et le guide et l’accompagnement que l’on donne aux juges lors de l’autorisation.
(anglais suit ‑ Sen. McIntyre: Gentleman, thank you for your presentations.)
(Following French ‑‑ Mr. Leblanc cont. …aux juges lors de l’autorisation.)
Senator McIntyre: Gentlemen, thank you for your presentations. I would like to pick your legal brains.
It appears to me that we have two criteria, the Wigmore criteria used by the Supreme Court, and the criteria used in the bill. Looking at the Wigmore criteria, the courts assess arguments regarding protection of journalistic sources on a case‑by‑case basis and according to four criteria, which also speaks of public good and public interest. The criterion in the bill sets the mechanism that a judge would use to authorize disclosure of information or a document relating to a journalist as well as a search warrant authorization or ordered.
What connection do you see between the criteria used by the Supreme Court and the criteria used in the bill? Mr. Trudell, do you wish to go first?
Mr. Trudell: The criteria set out in Wigmore have stood the test of time. It is more expansive. You start, of course, with the relationship in which the communication arises. The relationship must originate in the confidence that the source’s identity will not be disclosed. It’s a lot easier to apply that when the definition of journalist is understandable and not as broad.
Second, anonymity must be essential to the relationship in which the communication arises. Third, the relationship must be one that should be sedulously diligently fostered in the public interest. Four, the public interest served by protecting the identity of the informant must outweigh the public interest in getting at the truth.
So in my respectful submission, that four‑step definition, when you get to the fourth step, it’s even a broader consideration of public interest, which may include the rights of the accused, which may not be included in a shorter definition in the bill.
In the disclosure provision as set out in the bill, I’m looking at 7. That’s the authorization.
Senator McIntyre: As well as 488.02(3).
Mr. Trudell: Judge may order a disclosure. There’s no other way by which the information can be reasonably obtained, and the public interest in the investigation and prosecution of a criminal offence outweighs the journalist’s right to privacy in gathering and disseminating information” Of course, we suggest the innocence at stake issue there that goes back to the granting of the initial warrant.
So if you read the bill, it seems to have truncated the Wigmore four‑step approach. In my respectful submission, it could be read as less protective, and that’s a concern.
Senator Joyal: On the answer to Senator McIntyre, you admit to recognizing that it has changed the onus. It’s a reverse onus that doesn’t exist in Wigmore.
Senator McIntyre: It is a reverse onus, yes.
Mr. Trudell: I said that in my opening.
Senator Joyal: Sorry, I didn’t catch that. It seems to be fundamental to the overall test.
Mr. Trudell: No question. I raised that in my opening.
Senator McIntyre: I have a supplementary question, Mr. Chair. This is an important bill because at the present time, there are no statutory provisions protecting the confidentiality of journalistic sources, including whistle‑blowers in Canada. Basically what this bill is doing is protecting journalistic activities.
In my opinion, as Mr. Bantey mentioned ‑‑ I thought what he said was very interesting ‑‑ without clear legislation, the court will continue to apply a court-by-court approach to decide if a source is granted protection or not. I think the bill may not be perfect, but at least it’s a starting point. It could put an end to potential fishing expeditions or source hunts. That’s my opinion, if you wish to elaborate on that.
Mr. Trudell: I agree with you, senator, but there’s a problem at the front end with the gatekeeper. If there was no problem at the front end with the gatekeeper ‑‑ and we’ve used the situational example apparently that has developed in Quebec ‑‑ would we be here? In other words, if a proper gatekeeper had done the right thing in restricting the use of investigative power in Quebec, would we be here? That’s a question I’m sure there are lots of answers to.
The Deputy Chair: Mr. Leblanc wishes to make a short comment as well.
(French follows ‑‑ Mr. Leblanc ‑‑ Je crois que l’on montre que les juges…)
(après anglais ‑‑ The Deputy Chair: …make a short comment as well.)
M. Leblanc: Je crois que l’on montre que les juges doivent avoir un guide. La Cour suprême ne peut pas légiférer. Elle est prise avec des faits, des plaidoiries et un jugement qu’elle rendra. Vous pouvez légiférer. Tout à l’heure, j’entendais mon collègue William Trudell parler de « legal training » et background »; ce n’est pas un reproche que je lui fais. Les juges de paix sont des avocats qui ont été membres de la Couronne ou du Barreau de la défense criminelle. Ils ont tout le bagage juridique. Ce qu’ils manquent, ce sont des guides. À mon avis, les juges de la Cour supérieure seraient en meilleure position pour rendre ces ordonnances. Je pense que ce serait souhaitable. Je reviens à l’exemple des ordonnances de non publication où il y avait des juges de la Cour supérieure. Ils ont eu besoin de guide. La Cour suprême leur en a donné dans l’affaire Dagenais, notamment le droit public à l’accès à l’information est aussi important que le droit à l’innocence et le droit à un procès juste et équitable. De plus, ils ont ordonné aux cours de la justice d’avoir la représentation des médias pour obtenir ce guide. Les juges font un très bon travail au Canada, mais c’est important de les guider par la législation puisque c’est ce qu’ils appliquent.
(anglais suit ‑‑ Sen. McIntyre: The bottom line for me…)
(Following French ‑‑ Mr. Leblanc cont’g ‑‑ …la législation puisque c’est ce qu’ils appliquent.)
Senator McIntyre: The bottom line for me is that, at the moment, we have no statutory provisions, and we have to rely on jurisprudence. So we have to clear the deck.
Mr. Leblanc: I agree, Mr. Senator.
The Deputy Chair: Justices of the Peace in some provinces cannot issue a search warrant. Justices of the Peace in some provinces have no legal training whatsoever, whereas in other provinces they do. That is just in defence of Mr. Trudell’s point.
Mr. Leblanc: My point, Mr. Chairman, is I don’t think it’s a lack of legal training. I think it’s a lack of guidance through legislation.
Senator Batters: Mr. Trudell, you said in your opening statement that you preferred to have superior court judges deal with these issues rather than Justices of the Peace. As you know, our committee has been studying the issue of criminal court delays for the last year, and you’ve appeared before us on that.
I’m just wondering if you have any comment. Do you believe that would have any impact on potentially worsening criminal court delays, which are already a significant concern in our justice system?
Mr. Trudell: Senator, do you mean if there are more protections by a superior court judge?
Senator Batters: If a superior court judge had that additional duty.
Mr. Trudell: In listening to myself think and in talking to other people on the Canadian council, the provincial court benches across this country are extremely talented, with wonderful judges who exercise some of the same powers and make some of the very difficult decisions that superior court judges do. It may be very difficult to find a superior court judge in a remote community.
With the greatest respect, I don’t believe Justices of the Peace are equipped, but I do not think that it necessarily has to be a superior court judge. It may be more difficult to get a superior court judge, and a provincial court judge may be just as equipped to deal with these.
If it’s going to add a burden in terms of the front end, then I think a provincial court judge is probably very capable of exercising the restraint necessary here.
In terms of your delay issue, one of the things we saw here ‑‑ I apologize if I misinterpreted it ‑‑ it looks like there would be an interlocutory appeal. In other words, if a judge orders no disclosure or orders disclosure, there seems to be an appeal right, but it doesn’t seem to wait until the case is over.
If you have an interlocutory appeal to review whether a disclosure is going to take place in the middle of a trial, then you’ve got a real problem with delay there. If the bill is going to change, maybe this is one of those pretrial matters that has to be dealt with by a management judge.
But there’s no question about it. If I am bringing an application to have the source identified and I believe it’s important to make full answer in defence and I have the right to bring an interlocutory appeal, I’m going to do it.
Senator Batters: Absolutely. Those are very good points. Mr. Leblanc, if the definition of “journalist” contained in the act currently is not changed in any way, would you be concerned that someone who simply has a Twitter feed or a Facebook page could be considered to be a journalist for the purpose of the act?
(French follows ‑‑ Mr. Leblanc ‑‑ Madame la sénatrice, tout cela dépend toujours…)
(après anglais ‑‑ Sen. Batters: …journalist for the purpose of the act?)
M. Leblanc: Madame la sénatrice, tout cela dépend toujours du contexte. Il ne faut pas oublier que, selon la définition, c’est dans un but de communication publique. Cela ne peut pas être un ami Facebook ou privé. Le danger c’est que la notion de média et de la personne qui contribue au débat public par l’entremise des médias est tellement changeante en raison des médias sociaux. Il est difficile à l’entrée en amont d’avoir une définition qui, souhaitons‑le, est large. Vous posez une excellente question sous‑jacente en ce qui concerne les abus de personnes. Je reviens à la véritable protection. Si on est face à un tel abus via Facebook ou d’un blogue, le juge aura le loisir de le voir lorsqu’il pondérera le quatrième critère de Wigmore, que la loi telle qu’elle est déposée en ce moment vient énoncer l’intérêt public. C’est là que la partie la plus importante devrait se jouer. C’est là que je suis rassuré qu’il n’y aura pas d’abus de la part d’un blogueur ou d’une personne via son compte Facebook. Il ne faut pas oublier qu’il y a des blogues politiques aux États‑Unis en ce moment qui sont très crédibles et utilisés davantage que certains médias plus connus.
(anglais suit ‑‑ Sen. Batters: In Canada too. On Twitter, unless you…)
(Following French ‑‑ Mr. Leblanc cont’g ‑‑ …davantage que certains médias plus connus.)
Senator Batters: In Canada too. On Twitter, unless you have your account locked up, it is generally public. You can have Facebook pages that are public. I have one. It’s not necessarily just people who are accepted to be friends who can view it; the public in general can view it.
Mr. Leblanc: Absolutely. I’m not saying Mr. Trump is a journalist when he uses Twitter, but he certainly uses it to communicate.
The Deputy Chair: We have three more questioners, but before we do, we’re having some transmission difficulties with Mr. Bantey.
Mr. Bantey, if you can hear me now, do you have any comment to make about what you possibly may have heard so far in the questions and answers given?
Mr. Bantey: Just that the key test in this bill is whether or not the public interest in the administration of justice outweighs the right of a journalist to protect his or her source.
Where Mr. Trudell’s concerns about the right of an accused to a fair trial are included, that right is included in the notion of the proper administration of justice. I think that any judge that is faced with a threat to an accused’s right to a fair trial will take that into consideration when evaluating whether or not a journalist should be forced to reveal his or her source.
I think that as interpreted by the courts in the Dagenais/Mentuck test, the notion of public administration of justice is a very wide one, and it encompasses many factors that the court can take into consideration before forcing a journalist to reveal their source.
Senator Joyal: Mr. Bantey, I want to corroborate what you say and to answer Mr. Trudell’s concern about the right to a fair trial. I read the decision of Justice LeBel in The Globe and Mail at paragraph 22:
The Court concluded that the case‑by‑case approach, based on the Wigmore criteria and infused with Canadian Charter values, provided “a mechanism with the necessary flexibility to weigh and balance competing public interests in a context‑specific manner.”
When the court adjudicates on the basis of what is the right balance of competing interests, the interests of the public for information or the right to privacy and the role of the police to protect the security of society generally, the court has to hear the party, as the court says, with the infused Canadian Charter values. Those Canadian Charter values, of course, involve the right to a fair trial. It is another Charter of Rights that is competing in the adjudication process.
It seems to me that the jurisprudence is pretty clear in relation to that. I’m not sure we need to concern ourselves that we should amend the bill to recognize that under subparagraph (3) where that process of adjudication is referred to. Do you want to comment on this?
Mr. Trudell: It wouldn’t hurt.
Senator Joyal: No, of course not.
Mr. Trudell: And it’s specific and it reflects something that is very important here, especially when the onus has shifted. I would hope the onus doesn’t stay shifted.
This bill talks about sources, and it talks about journalists and it talks about the protection creating a new class. In my respectful submission, there’s nothing the matter, and it’s almost incumbent to reinforce that one of the most important aspects of this is innocence at stake.
Senator Joyal: The other comment I want to bring to you is in paragraph 23 of the same decision. The court has emphasized the importance of the fourth principle of Wigmore, which is the one that you have stated:
. . . the public interest served by protecting the identity of the informant must outweigh the public interest in getting at the truth.
What we have here is:
(b) the public interest in the investigation and prosecution of a criminal offence outweighs the journalist’s right to privacy in gathering and disseminating information.
What Justice Binnie said in relation to that: quoted:
. . . the fourth factor does the lion’s share of the work, and the court’s task is to “achieve proportionality in striking a balance among the competing interests.”
That’s essentially the legal decision that is at stake. There are different competing interests here, and what is the position of the judge in relation to this? The Justice of the Peace respectfully submitted, in my humble opinion, don’t have all the information and knowledge of the background needed to be part of a process as complex as this one, especially if we had the criteria by which the information can reasonably be obtained, there can be no other way.
You have been a defence lawyer; if you had to plead this, it’s real proof. There’s no other way in which the information can reasonably be obtained. It’s not sufficient for the police to say, “Well, Mr. Justice or Madam Justice, there’s no other way for us.” A judge would not accept that as being a statement of truth. The judge will want to have an explanation and facts in front of him or her to come to that conclusion, because that conclusion is intimately linked to the public interest at stake. The bill says “and.” The two have to be twins in the same operation.
We are doing something here much more complex than the Wigmore test, unless I don’t correctly read the jurisprudence and the way the bill is drafted.
That’s why in my reflection in question to the witnesses we have had, a special advocate is needed there; otherwise, you will transform the judge into an investigator, especially in relation to (a), because nobody will be there to counterbalance the truth that will be brought before the judge.
Mr. Trudell: Two things. When a Superior Court judge gives a warrant and there’s a confidential informant, there’s a separate schedule that we don’t see where that judge has to be satisfied at the reliability of that informant and the background. We don’t get that, but the judge goes through that important step.
In my respectful submission, the same steps have to be in this bill. Therefore, if a special advocate is necessary, especially with an expanded definition of “journalist,” who is the source? It’s the source’s protection here. We’re talking about a journalist, but it’s just like it’s my client’s privilege. It’s the source’s privilege, and you’re creating a new class here.
There’s no question about it that the robust care and attention has to be at that front end at the gatekeeper stage.
Senator White: Thank you very much to the witnesses.
We’re clear we’re dealing with a case over a five‑year period, between 2009 and 2013, of an average of 125 wiretap authorizations a year applied for and approved in this country. Even if we suggested that 12, 10 per cent, were in relation to wiretapping a journalist to find out who the informant or other information, even if we accept that 10 per cent ‑‑ I would argue it’s not even close ‑‑ the hammer we’re going to use would far outweigh the concern, particularly when we hear Mr. Trudell argue that the gatekeeper is the important piece.
Either a special prosecutor or a special prosecutor and only specific judges could approve such a wiretap, would only require minor changes in the legislation rather than dealing with a piece of legislation that I would argue goes so much further than is necessary, keeping in mind that you’re absolutely right, Mr. Trudell, from my experience, the gatekeeper is the most important part of wiretap authorizations. Wouldn’t you agree?
Mr. Trudell: Well, I agree. In criminal justice, we’ve abandoned the front end and then we end up with you looking into delay. It’s what happens in the front end. It’s the respect of privacy, the rights of the accused and proper oversight and investigation. To that end, I agree with you, senator.
The Deputy Chair: Wiretap authorizations in Canada can only be given by Superior Court judges. That’s the law right now. Mr. Leblanc, you were shaking your head for a moment there.
Mr. Leblanc: Because the law goes much further than wiretaps. For example, the Patrick Lagacé in Quebec is DNR orders, dial recording numbers.
(French follows ‑‑ Mr. Leblanc ‑ Donc les numéros entrant…)
(après anglais ‑ Mr. Leblanc: … recording numbers.)
Donc les numéros entrant et sortant de l’appareil, ce qui n’est pas techniquement de la mise sur écoute, ça va aussi aux documents. On parle de protection de la source au-delà de la mise sur écoute d’un journaliste.
(anglais suit ‑ Dep. Chair: Yes it does. 49(2) .9 of the Criminal Code…)
(Following French ‑‑ Mr. Leblanc ‑ …d’un journaliste.)
The Deputy Chair: Yes, it does. 492.2 of the Criminal Code can be issued by a provincial court judge or a Superior Court judge.
Mr. MacKinnon: If I can follow up on Senator White’s question and Mr. Trudell’s point about it being a gatekeeper issue, that’s all well and good in theory. The problem is, and the reason why this bill is so necessary, the reality is that the gatekeepers aren’t doing their job.
The Supreme Court set down in 1991 in the Lessard case and the CBC New Brunswick case, Justice Cory set out nine factors to consider when issuing a production order or search warrant against a media outlet. The problem is that we do not even know if JPs are aware of those factors. We don’t know if anybody’s applying them. They don’t appear to be. The most astonishing number to me in the media coalition’s presentation and notes from yesterday is that somewhere between 98 and 99 per cent of search warrants issued by JPs are just being rubber stamped. They are approving them almost wholesale. That would not be the case if they were applying something like the Lessard factor. It’s great to say the gatekeepers should be doing their job and the law is there. The problem is they are not following the existing law. We need a statute to force them to follow the law. This can only be done a statute and not by saying they should be doing this and have the opportunity to do it. I agree with that. The problem is they are not doing it.
Mr. Bantey: I wholeheartedly agree with Mr. MacKinnon. In the Lessard case the Supreme Court said the factors are not constitutional requirements. If they are not constitutional requirements, they have to be set out in the law. There has to be statutory protection if they are not constitutional requirements. The beauty of this bill is that it unites both the Lessard factors and the Wigmore factors in one bill and makes them requirements. A Justice of the Peace or judge of a provincial court will see them in black and white in the Criminal Code, in the evidence act, and they will have no choice but to follow those requirements.
(French follows ‑‑ Senator Boisvenu: Merci beaucoup pour vos…)
(après anglais ‑‑ M. Bantey: …to follow those requirements.)
Le sénateur Boisvenu : Merci beaucoup pour vos informations très éclairantes. Maître Trudell, votre opinion contraste un peu avec celle des autres témoins qu’on a entendus à ce jour sur ce projet de loi. Ce qui m’intrigue, ce sont les deux termes que vous avez utilisés: «classe privilégiée» et «risque d’abus». Vous n’êtes pas allé loin en matière de démonstration de ces possibilités. Quand vous parlez de classe privilégiée, parlez‑vous de journalistes qui auraient une protection spécifique du Code criminel? Lorsque vous parlez d’abus, parlez‑vous des policiers ou des journalistes qui pourraient en abuser? Pouvez‑vous aller plus loin dans ces affirmations que vous faites?
(anglais suit ‑‑ M. Trudell: The National Post and Globe and Mail cases…)
(Following French ‑‑ Senator Boisvenu cont’g ‑‑ …que vous faites?)
Mr. Trudell: The National Post case and the Globe and Mail case, which are the guidance of the court, have basically said it’s not a class privilege but a specific situation that has to be measured. The bill is creating a class of privilege for journalists even though it’s directed at sources.
Second, the issue is if I’m a police officer, I have to recognize that a journalist stands in an important position in our society. If I don’t recognize that, then I’m not going to convey that information to the issuing officer and I may not follow the guidelines in the court. That’s the way I see both of these. We’re going against what the Supreme Court of Canada said and creating a new class of privilege.
Only lawyers really have that; the informants are another situation that’s a class. That’s something that has not been done and that’s something that the Supreme Court of Canada rejected. My friends suggest, and Senator Pratte the sponsor of the bill suggests, that there is a vacuum here. If you find there is a vacuum, then some kind of legislative guidance is important. This bill is fraught with real concerns as far as we’re concerned.
(French follows ‑‑ Senator Boisvenu cont’g ‑‑ Est‑ce que votre opinion…)
(après anglais ‑‑ M. Trudell: …as far as we’re concerned.)
Le sénateur Boisvenu : Est‑ce que votre opinion est la même pour les risques d’abus? Lorsque vous parlez de risques d’abus, seraient‑ils commis par les journalistes eux‑mêmes? J’essaie de comprendre votre raisonnement.
(anglais suit ‑‑ M. Trudell: No, it’s impossible…)
(Following French ‑‑ Senator Boisvenu cont’g ‑‑ …comprendre votre raisonnement.)
Mr. Trudell: No, it’s impossible to try and understand my logic.
I’m not talking about abuses by journalists here. I have no evidence of journalistic abuse. What I’m talking about is a journalist may say, “I must protect my source.” A defence counsel will say, “The full answer and defence demands that there be disclosure of that.” So there is another balance here. Senator Joyal suggests that this is combined Wigmore and there are concerns here.
(French follows ‑‑ Senator Carignan: J’aimerais signaler…)
(après anglais ‑‑ M. Trudell: …and concerns here.)
Le sénateur Carignan : J’aimerais signaler mon désaccord avec Me Trudell sur la question de la création d’un nouveau droit. La Cour suprême a créé et reconnu que ce droit devait être protégé. Ce qu’on crée est un cadre juridique pour l’exercice et la protection de ce droit. On crée même, dans le fond, l’obligation pour les journalistes de protéger cette source. On donne des outils aux journalistes pour protéger cet engagement de confidentialité.
Maître Leblanc, lorsque vous parlez de la définition de journaliste, la Cour suprême a dit que cela pourrait inclure les blogueurs, mais qu’il est question d’évaluer si c’est une relation qui doit être entretenue assidûment. C’est dans l’arrêt National Post, au paragraphe 57, où l’on dit:
Le troisième volet du test (selon lequel les rapports source-journaliste devraient, dans l’intérêt public, être « entretenus assidûment ») offre une certaine souplesse à la cour appelée à évaluer le cas de différentes sources et de différents types de « journalistes ». Ainsi, il se peut qu’on accorde un poids différent à la relation entre une source et un blogueur qu’à celle qu’entretiennent une source et un journaliste professionnel comme M. McIntosh…
Est-ce que je comprends de votre témoignage que c’est à cette affirmation de la Cour suprême que vous faisiez référence?
M. Leblanc : C’est exactement cela, sénateur. J’étais là à la Cour suprême où je représentais la Coalition des médias, et le juge Lebel m’a posé la question à savoir que si l’on va dans ce sens, on n’a pas besoin de définir ce qu’est un journaliste. J’ai dit : exactement, parce que cette définition devient moins importante. On capture toute possibilité d’abus à ce stade du test. C’est exactement ce que je tentais d’exprimer, sénateur Carignan.
(anglais suit ‑‑ M. MacKinnon: To add one quick…)
(Following French ‑‑ Mr. Leblanc cont’g ‑‑ …d’exprimer, sénateur Carignan.)
Mr. MacKinnon: To add one quick point, it’s worth noting that the current chief justice of the Supreme Court, Chief Justice McLachlin, in a speech in 2012 ‑‑ it’s on the Supreme Court website under “speeches” ‑‑ acknowledged this where she said that:
The explosive growth of new media signals a shift in who reports on legal proceedings. Court decisions may no longer be the preserve of trained professional journalists. Anyone with a keyboard and access to a blog can now be a reporter. And who is to say they are not? Some bloggers will be professionals and academics providing thoughtful commentary and analysis. Others will fall short of basic journalistic standards.
The whole speech was about the media and the courts. Even the chief justice has said publicly in a speech this is a reality. Bloggers can be journalists, too. Certainly, as Mr. Leblanc just discussed, that’s exactly what has been shown in some of the case law, too.
(French follows ‑‑ Senator Carignan: Finalement, une question technique sur…)
(après anglais ‑‑ M. MacKinnon: …in some of the case law too.)
Le sénateur Carignan : Finalement, j’ai une question technique sur l’appel. Le projet de loi prévoit l’appel immédiat si un juge ordonne la divulgation d’une source, particulièrement au niveau de la preuve. Cela pourrait être épouvantable et étirer les délais si cela se fait en cours de procès. Il y a longtemps que je n’ai pas regardé, mais j’avais commencé à rédiger une thèse sur le secret professionnel que j’ai dû suspendre à cause de mes enfants. Je ne voudrais pas qu’ils se sentent coupables. L’appel pour le secret professionnel est immédiat parce que c’est un secret. Une fois divulguée, on ne peut pas y remédier avec le jugement du fond. Est‑ce encore la situation?
M. Leblanc : Oui. On dit qu’une fois que la pâte à dent sortie du tube, on ne peut plus la remettre dedans. Voilà pourquoi il y a cet appel immédiat. Il y a aussi des appels pour des ordonnances de non-publication dans des procès criminels. Cela fait 23 ans que je travaille en droit des médias et que j’interviens pour les médias dans les procès criminels, notamment en matière de non-publication ou de preuve. Jamais un procès n’a été déraillé ou des délais indus causés par ces interventions.
Dans l’affaire Dagenais de la Cour suprême, le juge Lamer vient même dire qu’il y aura peut-être des difficultés inhérentes pour les non publications et le fait que les médias sont appelés à témoigner et à s’insérer dans un procès criminel, mais c’est un droit garanti par la Charte qui est tout aussi important que les autres droits garantis, et il faut lui faire place.
(anglais suit ‑ Dep. Chair: We are going to conclude…)
(Following French – Mr. LeBlanc cont’g — …il faut lui faire place.)
The Deputy Chair: We are going to conclude but I’d like the members just to stay just for 45 seconds after the conclusion. I want to thank the witnesses for their very excellent presentations to this committee on a very important matter.
(The committee continued in camera.)
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